EBHC Library > EBP > Diagnosis and Diagnostic Tests > Articles

Page last update: 08/01/2008

	General
	Design
	Reporting
	Bias
	Search Strategies
	Critical Appraisal
	Measures of Accuracy
	RCT of Diagnostic Tests
	Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Tests
	Economic Issues
	Miscellanea

• Straus SE. Bridging the gaps in evidence based diagnosis. BMJ 2006;333:405-6.

• Bianchi MT, Alexander BM. Evidence based diagnosis: does the language reflect the theory? BMJ 2006;333:442-5.

• Gluud C, Gluud LL. Evidence based diagnostics. BMJ 2005;330:724-6

• Miettinen OS. Scientific diagnosis. CMAJ 2001;165:781-2

• Miettinen OS. The useful property of a diagnostic. CMAJ 2001;165:910-1

• Miettinen OS. The useful property of a screening regimen. CMAJ 2001;165:1219-20

• Cartabellotta A. EBM e ragionamento diagnostico. Un matrimonio impossibile? Ricerca e Sanità 2000;1:77-9 

• Cartabellotta A, et al. La medicina basata sulle evidenze nella selezione dei test diagnostici. MEDIC 1997;5:113-9

• Sackett DL, Straus S. On some clinically useful measures of the accuracy of diagnostic tests. ACP J Club 1998;129(2):A17-A19

• Richardson WS. Evidence-based diagnosis: More is needed. Evidence-Based Medicine [EBM Notebook] 1997;2:70-1.

Design

• General

  • Knottnerus JA, van Weel C, Muris JWM. Evaluation of diagnostic procedures. BMJ 2002;324:477-80

  • Sackett DL, Haynes RB. The architecture of diagnostic research. BMJ 2002;324:539-41

  • Irwig L, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, et al. Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable. BMJ 2002;324:669-71

• Sample size

  • Bachmann LM, Puhan MA, ter Riet G, Bossuyt PM. Sample sizes of studies on diagnostic accuracy: literature survey. BMJ 2006;332:1127-9.

• Gold Standard

  • Hertzman PA, Clauw DJ, Duffy J, et al. Rigorous new approach to constructing a gold standard for validating new diagnostic criteria, as exemplified by the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:2301-6.

Reporting

• STARD Statement

  • Rutten FH, Moons KG, Hoes AW. Improving the quality and clinical relevance of diagnostic studies. BMJ 2006;332:1129.
  • Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al; Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. owards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:40-4.
  • Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al; Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:W1-12.
  • Straus SE. Reporting diagnostic tests. BMJ 2003;326:3-4.
  • Rennie D. Improving reports of studies of diagnostic tests: the STARD initiative. JAMA 2003;289:89-90.

Bias

• Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Di Nisio M, et al. Evidence of bias and variation in diagnostic accuracy studies. CMAJ 2006;174:469-76.
• Furukawa TA, Guyatt GH. Sources of bias in diagnostic accuracy studies and the diagnostic process. CMAJ 2006;174:481-2.
• Montori VM, Wyer P, Newman TB, et al; Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 5. The effect of spectrum of disease on the performance of diagnostic tests. CMAJ 2005;173:385-90.
• Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:189-202.
• Mulherin SA, Miller WC. Spectrum bias or spectrum effect? Subgroup variation in diagnostic test evaluation. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:598-602.
• Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, et al. Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA 1999;282:1061-1066.

• Diagnostic testing emerging from the gloom? Bandolier 1999;70:5

• Reid MC, Lachs MS, Feinstein AR. Use of methodological standards in diagnostic test research: getting better but still not good. JAMA 1995;274:645-651 [abstract]

• How good is that test? Bandolier 1996;26:2

• How Good is that Test II? Bandolier 1996;27:2

• Using the Result. Bandolier 1996;28:5

• Sheps SB, Schechter MT. The assessment of diagnostic tests. A survey of current medical research. JAMA 1984;252:2418­22 [abstract].

• Ransohoff DF, Feinstein AR. Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med 1978;299:926-930 [abstract]

Search Strategies

• Leeflang MM, Scholten RJ, Rutjes AW, et al. Use of methodological search filters to identify diagnostic accuracy studies can lead to the omission of relevant studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:234-40.

• Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL for the Hedges Team. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of diagnosis from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ 2004;328:1040-5.

• Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. EMBASE search strategies for identifying methodologically sound diagnostic studies for use by clinicians and researchers. BMC Med 2005;3:7.
• Bachmann LM, Estermann P, Kronenberg C, et al. Identifying diagnostic accuracy studies in EMBASE. J Med Libr Assoc 2003;91:341-6.
• Bachmann LM, Coray R, Estermann P, et al.  Identifying diagnostic studies in MEDLINE: reducing the number needed to read. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2002;9:653-8.
• Deville WL, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Publications on diagnostic test evaluation in family medicine journals: an optimal search strategy. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:65-9.

Critical Appraisal

• Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Dinnes J, et al. Development and validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Health Technol Assess 2004;8:1-234.

• Users' Guides to Biomedical Literature

  • How to use an article about a diagnostic test. JAMA 1994;271:389-91 and 703-7

  • How to use an article about disease probability for differential diagnosis. JAMA 1999;281:1214-9

  • How to use an article on the clinical manifestations of disease. JAMA 2000;16;284:869-875

• Greenalgh T. Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests. BMJ 1997;315:540-543

• General

  • Bossuyt PM, Irwig L, Craig J, Glasziou P. Comparative accuracy: assessing new tests against existing diagnostic pathways. BMJ 2006;332:1089-92.

  • Loy CT, Irwig L. Accuracy of diagnostic tests read with and without clinical information: a systematic review. JAMA 2004;292:1602-9.

  • Pewsner D, Battaglia M, Minder C, et al. Ruling a diagnosis in or out with "SpPIn" and "SnNOut": a note of caution. BMJ 2004;329:209-13.

  • Steurer J, Fischer JE, Bachmann LM, Koller M, ter Riet G. Communicating accuracy of tests to general practitioners: a controlled study. BMJ 2002;324:824-6.

  • Honest H, Khan KS.  Reporting of measures of accuracy in systematic reviews of diagnostic literature. BMC Health Services Research 2002;2:4

  • Reid MC, Lane DA, Feinstein AR. Academic calculations versus clinical judgments: practicing physicians' use of quantitative measures of test accuracy. Am J Med 1998; 104: 374-380 [abstract]

    • How doctor use tests. Bandolier, 1999

• Likelihood Ratio

  • Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios. Lancet 2005;365:1500-5.
  • Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. BMJ 2004;329:168-9.
  • Brown MD, Reeves MJ. Interval likelihood ratios: another advantage for the evidence-based diagnostician. Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:292-7.
    • Gallagher EJ. The problem with sensitivity and specificity. Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:298-303 
  • McGee S. Simplifying likelihood ratios. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:646-9.
  • Gallagher EJ. Application of likelihood ratios to clinical decision rules: defining the limits of clinical expertise. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34:664-7.
  • Hayden SR, Brown MD. Likelihood ratio: A powerful tool for incorporating the results of a diagnostic test into clinical decisionmaking. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:575-80.
  • Gallagher EJ. Clinical utility of likelihood ratios. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:391-7.

RCT of Diagnostic Tests

• Lord SJ, Irwig L, Simes RJ. When is measuring sensitivity and specificity sufficient to evaluate a diagnostic test, and when do we need randomized trials? Ann Intern Med 2006;144:850-5.
• Bossuyt PM, Lijmer JG, Mol BW. Randomised comparisons of medical tests: sometimes invalid, not always efficient. Lancet 2000;356:1844-7.

Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Tests

• Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Halligan S, et al. Systematic reviews of diagnostic tests in cancer: review of methods and reporting. BMJ 2006;333:413.
• Tatsioni A, Zarin DA, Aronson N, et al. Challenges in systematic reviews of diagnostic technologies. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(12 Pt 2):1048-55
• Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kirby J, Roderick P. A methodological review of how heterogeneity has been examined in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Health Technol Assess 2005;9:1-128.
• Pai M, McCulloch M, Enanoria W, et al. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test evaluations: What's behind the scenes? Evid Based Med 2004 9:101-103
• Deeks JJ. Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. BMJ 2001;323:157-162
• Vamvakas EC. Meta-analyses of studies of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests: a review of the concepts and methods. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122:675-86. [abstract]
• Irwig L, Macaskill P, Glasziou P, Fahey M. Meta-analytic methods for diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:119-30 [abstract]
• Irwig L, Tosteson ANA, Gatsonis C, et al. Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med 1994;120: 667-76.

Economic Issues

• Mushlin AI, Ruchlin HS, Callahan MA. Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests. Lancet 2001;358:1353-5.
• Winkens R, Dinant GJ. Evidence base of clinical diagnosis: Rational, cost effective use of investigations in clinical practice  BMJ 2002; 324:783-785

Miscellanea

• Rapezzi C, Ferrari R, Branzi A. White coats and fingerprints: diagnostic reasoning in medicine and investigative methods of fictional detectives. BMJ 2005;331:1491-4.

• Risorse sui dati della storia clinica e dell'esame fisico

  • Hatala R, Smieja M, Kane SL, et al. An evidence-based approach to the clinical examination. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:182-7.

  • The Clinical Assessment of the Reliability of the Examination (CARE) - A Proposal for Collaborative Studies of the Accuracy and Precision of the Clinical Examination

  • Straus SE, McAlister FA, Sackett DL. Clinical assessment of the reliability of the examination. ACP J Club 2000;133(2):A11-2

  • Sackett DL. How the Internet Can Help Clinicians Improve Their Clinical Skills. Medscape General Medicine. July, 10 2000

  • Bandolier 1999;66:7

  • McAlister, Straus SE, Sackett DL on behalf of the CARE-COAD 1 Group. Why we need large,simple studies of the clinical examination: the problem and a proposed solution. Lancet 1999;354:1721-5

  • Straus SE,  McAlister FA, Sackett DL, Deeks JJ, for the CARE-COAD1 Group. The Accuracy of Patient History, Wheezing, and Laryngeal Measurements in Diagnosing Obstructive Airway Disease. JAMA 2000;283:1853-7

  • Clinical Examination Research Interest Group (by the Society of General Internal Medicine)

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